Okinawa 3 Soldiers Rape Japanese Girl

Rapes during the occupation of Japan were the war rapes or rapes committed nether the armed services occupation in Japan. Allied soldiers committed a number of rapes during the Battle of Okinawa during the last months of the Pacific War and the subsequent Occupation of Japan. Allied powers controlled Nihon until 1952 following the terminate of World War Two and Okinawa prefecture remained under US governance for another 2 decades.

Contents

• 1 Groundwork
• ii Battle of Okinawa
  • 2.1 Declared US Army rapes
  • 2.ii Silence about rape
  • ii.iii Alleged Japanese Army rapes
  • 2.4 Official American policy and Japanese civilian expectations
• 3 Post-war
  • iii.1 Public fear and Recreation and Amusement Clan
  • 3.ii Reported rapes by US forces
  • 3.iii Reported rapes by British Republic Occupation Force
    • 3.3.1 Testimony of an Australian officer
  • three.four Censorship of Japanese media
• iv Run across also
• v Notes
• 6 References
• 7 External links

Background

Master article: History of the Ryukyu Islands

By 1945 U.Due south. troops were inbound and occupying territory with a Japanese civilian population. On xvi February 1945 U.S. troops landed on Iwo Jima, and on Apr i, 1945 on Okinawa. In August 1945, Japan surrendered and Allied occupation troops landed on the main islands, starting the formal Occupation of Japan. The Allied occupation ended in virtually of Japan on April 28, 1952, when the terms of the Treaty of San Francisco went into effect, catastrophe in Okinawa on May 15, 1972.

Battle of Okinawa

According to Calvin Sims of the New York Times: "Much has been written and debated near atrocities that Okinawans suffered at the hands of both the Americans and Japanese in one of the deadliest battles of the war. More 200,000 soldiers and civilians, including one-third of the population of Okinawa, were killed."^[1]

Alleged Usa Army rapes

There is no documentary evidence that mass rape was committed by Allied troops during the Pacific War. There are, nonetheless, numerous apparent testimony accounts which criminate that a big number of rapes were committed past United states of america forces during the Battle of Okinawa in 1945.^{[ii] :110–ane}

Okinawan historian Oshiro Masayasu (former director of the Okinawa Prefectural Historical Archives) writes:

Soon after the U.S. marines landed, all the women of a hamlet on Motobu Peninsula fell into the hands of American soldiers. At the fourth dimension, there were simply women, children and old people in the village, as all the young men had been mobilized for the state of war. Before long subsequently landing, the marines "mopped upward" the entire village, but institute no signs of Japanese forces. Taking advantage of the situation, they started "hunting for women" in broad daylight and those who were hiding in the village or nearby air raid shelters were dragged out one after some other.^{[ii] : 111}

Co-ordinate to Toshiyuki Tanaka, 76 cases of rape or rape-murder were reported during the first five years of the American occupation of Okinawa. However, he claims this is probably not the truthful effigy, equally most cases were unreported.^{[2] :112}

Peter Schrijvers finds it remarkable that looking Asian was enough to be in danger of rape by American soldiers, as for example happened to some of the Korean condolement women that the Japanese had by force brought to the island.^[3] Schrijvers writes that "many women" were brutally violated with "not fifty-fifty the least mercy".^[three]

Marching due south, men of the quaternary Marines passed a group of some 10 American soldiers bunched together in a tight circumvolve next to the road. They were 'quite blithe,' noted a corporal who assumed they were playing a game of craps. 'So equally we passed them,' said the shocked marine, 'I could see they were taking turns raping an oriental woman. I was furious, merely our outfit kept marching past every bit though nothing unusual was going on.'^[3]

In 1998 the remains of three U.S. Marines stationed on Okinawa were discovered outside of a local village. Accounts from elderly Okinawans claim that the three marines had made frequent trips to the village to rape the women that lived at that place, merely were ambushed and killed by dozens of villagers with the help of ii armed Japanese soldiers who were hiding in the jungle, in a dark narrow mount pass near a river on one of their return trips. "The Japanese soldiers shot at the marines from the bushes and several dozen villagers beat them to death with sticks and stones."^[1] According to the same article, one bookish claims that "rape was so prevalent that most Okinawans over historic period 65 either know or accept heard of a woman who was raped in the backwash of the war."^[1]

According to George Feifer the majority of the likely thousands of rapes were committed in the northward, where the campaign was easier and the American troops were not every bit exhausted as in the south.^[4] According to Feifer especially troops landed for occupation duty committed rapes.^[4]

Silence well-nigh rape

Near all rape victims were silent about what had happened to them, which helped to proceed the rapes a "dingy hole-and-corner" of the Okinawa campaign.^[4] The main reasons for the women'due south silence and the depression number of reported rapes was, co-ordinate to George Feifer, the American role equally victor and occupiers, and feelings of shame and disgrace.^[4] According to Feifer, while at that place were probably thousands of rapes, less than 10 rapes were formally reported by 1946 and well-nigh all of those were connected to "severe bodily harm".^[four]

Several factors contributed to few telltale American rape-induced pregnancies coming to term; near women had become temporarily infertile due to the stress and bad diet, and many who did become significant managed to abort before their husbands returned.^[iv]

Alleged Japanese Army rapes

According to Thomas Huber from the Combat Studies Institute, Japanese soldiers likewise mistreated Okinawan civilians during the boxing there. According to Huber; rape was "freely committed" by Japanese soldiers who knew that they had picayune run a risk of surviving due to the Regular army's prohibitions against surrender. These declared abuses contributed to a postal service-war divide between Okinawans and other Japanese.^[5]

Official American policy and Japanese civilian expectations

Having historically been a dissever nation until 1879, Okinawan linguistic communication and culture differ in many ways from that of mainland Nippon, where they often were discriminated and treated in the aforementioned manner as Chinese and Koreans.

In 1944 heavy American air-bombings of Naha had left 1000 expressionless and 50,000 homeless and sheltering in caves, and US naval bombardments contributed additionally to the death-price. During the Battle of Okinawa between 40,000 and 150,000 residents died. The survivors were put in internment camps by Americans.

During the fighting some Japanese troops mistreated Okinawan civilians, for example taking over the caves they sheltered in and forcing them out into the open up, besides as killing some directly who they suspected of being American spies. During the last months of desperate fighting they were also unable to supply the Okinawan population with food and medicine.

Japanese propaganda virtually American atrocities had led many Okinawan civilians to believe that when the Americans came they would first rape all the women and so kill them. At least 700 civilians committed suicide.^{[6] :22}

American soldiers did sometimes deliberately kill Okinawan civilians, though American official policy was to not kill civilians. The Americans as well provided food and medicine, something the Japanese had been unable to do. In view of the propaganda claiming that American policy would be rape, torture and murder, the Okinawans were oftentimes surprised at "the insufficiently humane treatment".^{[six] :22 [vii] :xviii} Over time, Okinawans would go increasingly despondent with the Americans, merely at the time of surrender the American soldiers were less vicious than had been expected.^{[seven] :18}

Post-state of war

Public fright and Recreation and Amusement Association

In the period later the Emperor of Japan appear that Japan would surrender, many Japanese civilians feared that Allied occupation troops were probable to rape Japanese women when they arrived. These fears were, to a big function, driven by concerns that the Allied troops would exhibit similar behavior to that of Japanese occupation forces in China and the Pacific.^{[8] :124} The Japanese Government and the governments of several prefectures issued warnings recommending that women have measures to avoid contact with occupation troops, such every bit staying in their homes and staying with Japanese men. Constabulary in Kanagawa Prefecture, where the Americans were expected to starting time state, recommended that young women and girls evacuate the area. Several prefectural authorities also suggested that women kill themselves if they were threatened with rape or raped and called for "moral and spiritual pedagogy" to enforce this view.^[9]

In response, the Japanese authorities established the 'Recreation and Amusement Association' (RAA), military brothels to cater to the Allied troops upon their arrival, though near professional prostitutes were unwilling to have sex with Americans due to the impact of wartime propaganda.^{[8] :125–6} Some of the women who volunteered to work in these brothels claimed that they did so as they felt they had a duty to protect other women from Allied troops.^{[8] :127} These officially sponsored brothels were ordered airtight in Jan 1946 when the Occupation authorities banned all "public" prostitution while declaring that information technology was undemocratic and violated the human rights of the women involved.^{[8] :130} The closure of the brothels took consequence a few months later, and information technology was in individual acknowledged that the main reason for closing down the brothels was the huge increase in crabs diseases amidst the soldiers.^{[viii] :130}

Reported rapes past U.s. forces

Robert L. Eichelberger recorded his troops' suppression of the Japanese vigilante guard.^[10]

According to John West. Dower, precisely as the Japanese government had hoped when information technology created the prostitution facilities, while the R.A.A. was in place "the incidence of rape remained relatively low given the huge size of the occupation force".^{[eight] :130} Still, at that place was a resulting big rising in venereal diseases, where for example in one army unit of measurement seventy% tested positive for syphilis and fifty% for gonorrhea, which led the U.s.a. army to close down the prostitution.^{[eight] :130} The incidence of rape increased after the closure of the brothels, mayhap eight-fold; Dower states that "According to one calculation the number of rapes and assaults on Japanese women amounted to around 40 daily while the R.A.A was in performance, and so rose to an boilerplate of 330 a twenty-four hour period later it was terminated in early on 1946."^{[eight] :579} Co-ordinate to Terèse Svoboda "the number of reported rapes soared" later on the closure of the brothels, and she takes this as evidence that the Japanese had been successful in suppressing incidents of rape by providing prostitutes to the soldiers.^[11] Svoboda gives one instance where R.A.A. facilities were agile but some not yet set up to open and "hundreds of American soldiers broke into two of their facilities and raped all the women".^[11] According to Svoboda there are 2 big events of mass rape recorded past Yuki Tanaka at the time that the R.A.A. brothels were airtight downward in 1946.^[eleven] Co-ordinate to Tanaka, close to midnight on April iv, an estimated 50 GIs arriving in 3 trucks assaulted the Nakamura Hospital in Omori district.^[12] Attacking at the accident of a whistle, over the period of 1 hour they raped more 40 patients and an estimated 37 female staff.^[12] I of the raped women had a two-day old babe that was killed past beingness thrown on the floor, and too some male patients who tried to protect the women were killed.^[12]

According to Tanaka, on April 11, between 30 and lx US soldiers cutting phone lines to a housing block in Nagoya metropolis, and simultaneously raped "many girls and women between the ages of 10 and 55 years."^[13]

Michael S. Molasky, Japanese literature, language and jazz researcher, states in his study of Japanese post-war novels and other lurid literature, that while rape and other violent offense was widespread in naval ports like Yokosuka and Yokohama during the first few weeks of occupation, according to Japanese constabulary reports, the number of incidents declined shortly after and were not mutual on mainland Nihon throughout the rest of occupation.

Up until this point, the narrative'southward events are plausible. American soldiers stationed away did (and nonetheless do) commit abduction, rape, and fifty-fifty murder, although such incidents were not widespread in mainland Nippon during the occupation. Japanese police records and journalistic studies indicate that most violent crimes committed by GIs occurred in naval ports such as Yokosuka during the first few weeks later the Americans arrived in 1945, and that the number declined sharply thereafter. The above passage from Chastity besides points to issues which are central to a serious consideration of prostitution in postwar Japan: for instance, the collaboration between police and medical authorities in enforcing a regime or subject area against women working outside the domestic sphere, the economic exploitation of female labor through regulated prostitution, and the patriarchal valorization of chastity to an extent that rape victims are left few alternatives but prostitution or suicide.."^{[6] :121 [14] :16}

In that location were 1,336 reported rapes during the get-go 10 days of the occupation of Kanagawa prefecture.^[15] Tanaka relates that in Yokohama, the capital of the prefecture, there were 119 known rapes in September 1945.^[16]

Historians Eiji Takemae and Robert Ricketts state that "When United states of america paratroopers landed in Sapporo, an orgy of annexation, sexual violence and drunken brawling ensued. Gang rapes and other sex atrocities were non exceptional" and some of the rape victims committed suicide.^[17]

General Robert L. Eichelberger, the commander of the U.Southward. 8th Army, recorded that in the one instance when the Japanese formed a cocky-assistance vigilante guard to protect women from off-duty GIs, the 8th Army ordered armoured vehicles in battle array into the streets and arrested the leaders, and the leaders received long prison terms.^{[10] [17] :67}

Co-ordinate to Dower, "more than a few incidents" of assault and rape were never reported to the police.^{[8] :211}

Reported rapes by British Commonwealth Occupation Force

According to Takemae and Ricketts, members of the British Commonwealth Occupation Strength (BCOF) were as well involved in rapes:

A onetime prostitute recalled that as soon as Australian troops arrived in Kure in early on 1946, they 'dragged young women into their jeeps, took them to the mountain, and then raped them. I heard them screaming for help nearly every night'. Such behavior was commonplace, but news of criminal activity by Occupation forces was quickly suppressed."^[17]

Australian, British, Indian and New Zealand troops in Japan equally function of the British Republic Occupation Strength (BCOF) also committed rapes. The commander of the BCOF'south official reports state that members of the BCOF were convicted of committing 57 rapes in the period May 1946 to Dec 1947 and a further 23 between January 1948 and September 1951. No official statistics on the incidence of serious crimes during the BCOF'south showtime three months in Japan (Feb to Apr 1946) are bachelor.^{[18] :112–iii} Australian historian Robin Gerster contends that while the official statistics underestimate the level of serious crime among BCOF members, Japanese police oftentimes did not pass reports they received on to the BCOF and that the serious crimes which were reported were properly investigated by BCOF military constabulary. The penalties given to members of the BCOF convicted of serious crimes were "not severe", however, and those imposed on Australians were oftentimes mitigated or quashed by Australian courts.^{[18] :117–eight}

Testimony of an Australian officeholder

Allan Clifton, an Australian officer who acted as interpreter and criminal investigator wrote

I stood abreast a bed in hospital. On it lay a daughter, unconscious, her long, black hair in wild tumult on the pillow. A doctor and ii nurses were working to revive her. An hour earlier she had been raped by xx soldiers. Nosotros establish her where they had left her, on a piece of waste land. The hospital was in Hiroshima. The girl was Japanese. The soldiers were Australians. The moaning and wailing had ceased and she was tranquility now. The tortured tension on her face up had slipped abroad, and the soft brownish skin was smoothen and unwrinkled, stained with tears like the confront of a kid that has cried herself to slumber.^{[ii] :126–vii}

As to Australian justice Clifton writes regarding another rape that was witnessed by a party of carte du jour-players:

At the court martial that followed, the accused was found guilty and sentenced to ten years penal servitude. In accordance with army law the courts decision was forwarded to Commonwealth of australia for confirmation. Some time later the documents were returned marked 'Conviction quashed considering of insufficient testify'."^{[2] :110–1}

Censorship of Japanese media

According to John Dower, Allied Occupation authorities imposed broad-ranging censorship on the Japanese media, which was imposed in September 1945 and connected until the (1952) end of the occupation,^{[8] :406} including bans on covering many sensitive social problems and serious crimes such equally rape committed by members of the Occupation forces.^{[8] :412} The censorship hardened and grew over the months from its initial goal of suppressing militaristic and ultra-nationalistic ideas into as well suppressing annihilation that was "'leftist' or fifty-fifty remotely disquisitional of American policies".^{[eight] :406,408}

Co-ordinate to Eiji Takemae and Robert Ricketts, Centrolineal Occupation forces suppressed news of criminal activities such as rape; on September 10, 1945 SCAP "issued press and pre-censorship codes outlawing the publication of all reports and statistics 'inimical to the objectives of the Occupation'."^[17]

According to Teresa Svoboda the Japanese press reported cases of rape and looting two weeks into the occupation, to which the Occupation administration responded past "promptly censoring all media".^[eleven] Following the occupation Japanese magazines published accounts of rapes committed by American servicemen.^{[8] :211}

Meet also

• War rape
• 1945 in Japan

Allied forces

• Allied war crimes during World State of war Ii
  • Rape during the occupation of Frg
  • Rape during the liberation of France
  • Rape during the liberation of Poland
  • U.Northward. Comfort Station
  • Yumiko-chan incident
  • Special Comfort Facility Association

Japanese forces

• Japanese war crimes
  • Comfort women
  • Manila massacre
  • Nanking Massacre (Rape of Nanking)
  • Three Alls Policy (Sanko sakusen)
  • Karafuto
  • Korea under Japanese rule
  • Taiwan under Japanese rule
  • Manchu Empire
  • South Pacific Mandate

Nazi forces

• Sexual enslavement by Nazi Deutschland in Earth War II

Notes

1. ↑ ^{1.0 1.1 1.ii} "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". The New York Times. June 1, 2000. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E0D7153CF932A35755C0A9669C8B63&scp.
2. ↑ ^{2.0 2.1 2.2 ii.3 2.4} Tanaka, Yuki; Tanaka, Toshiyuki (2003). "Japan's Comfort Women: Sexual Slavery and Prostitution During World War II". Routledge. ISBN 0-203-30275-3. http://books.google.com/books?id=4qdLb-LKtpgC&pg=PA112&dq=raped+okinawa&lr=&sig=SHjXgvBF78U67PL23j-pKaXMDJ0#PPA111,M1.
3. ↑ ^{3.0 3.1 iii.two} Schrijvers, Peter. "Error: no |championship= specified when using {{Cite web}}". p. 212. .
4. ↑ ^{4.0 4.1 four.two four.iii four.iv 4.5} Feifer, George. "Mistake: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". p. 373. .
5. ↑ Huber, Thomas M. Japan'southward Boxing of Okinawa, April–June 1945, Command and General Staff College
6. ↑ ^{6.0 6.i 6.ii} Molasky, Michael S; Rabson, Steve (2000). "Southern Exposure: Modern Japanese Literature from Okinawa". University of Hawaii Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0-8248-2300-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=6xMuWmEsAcMC&pg=PA21&sig=vy90tt3ESGX6V7pqTmNzONK5q54#PPA22,M1.
7. ↑ ^{7.0 7.one} Sheehan, Susan D; Elizabeth, Laura; Selden, Hein Marking. "Islands of Discontent: Okinawan Responses to Japanese and American Power". http://books.google.com/books?id=aY4yKIek90cC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=&f=false. .
8. ↑ ^{viii.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 eight.04 8.05 viii.06 8.07 8.08 viii.09 8.10 8.11 8.12} Dower (1999).
9. ↑ Koikari (1999), p. 320
10. ↑ ^{x.0 ten.ane} Svoboda, Terese. "U.South. Courts-Martial in Occupation Nippon: Rape, Race, and Censorship". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus . http://www.japanfocus.org/-terese-svoboda/3148 . Retrieved 2013-05-twenty.
11. ↑ ^{11.0 xi.1 11.ii xi.3} Svoboda, Terèse (May 23, 2009). "The Asia-Pacific Journal". http://japanfocus.org/-Terese-Svoboda/3148. .
12. ↑ ^{12.0 12.1 12.two} Tanaka, Toshiyuki. Japan'southward Condolement Women. p. 163.
13. ↑ Tanaka, Toshiyuki. Nippon'south Comfort Women. p. 164.
14. ↑ Molasky, Michael S (1999). "The American Occupation of Nippon and Okinawa: Literature and Memory". Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-19194-four. http://books.google.com/books?id=RMDt86cokDUC&pg=PA16&sig=VuiPlUPz6S3fHL8zNnLjaLJyZng#PPA17,M1.
15. ↑ Schrijvers 2002, p. 212
16. ↑ Tanaka, pg. 118
17. ↑ ^{17.0 17.ane 17.2 17.3} Takemae, Eiji; Robert Ricketts (2003). Within GHQ: The Allied Occupation of Nippon and Its Legacy. trans. Robert Ricketts, Sebastian Swann. Continuum International. p. 67. ISBN 0-8264-1521-0, 978-0-82641-521-9. http://books.google.com/books?id=Ba5hXsfeyhMC&pg=PA67&dq=Kanagawa+prefecture+rape&sig=ACfU3U3_7MFOnBKgutBavggHUGIPQw9Vrg.
18. ↑ ^{eighteen.0 xviii.1} Gerster (2008).

References

• Bourke, Joanna (Oct 04, 2007). Rape A History from 1860 to the Present (Extract bachelor). Virago Printing. p. 576. ISBN one-84408-154-0. http://www.virago.co.u.k./display.asp?isb=9781844081547&TAG=&CID=&PGE=&LANG=en.
• Dower, John Due west (1999). Embracing Defeat. Japan in the Wake of Earth War Ii. New York: WW Norton & Visitor / The New Press. ISBN 0-393-04686-9.
• Feifer, George (2001). The Boxing of Okinawa : the blood and the bomb. Guilford, CT: Lyons Press. ISBN 9781585742158.
• Gerster, Robin (2008). Travels in Atomic Sunshine. Australia and the Occupation of Japan. Melbourne: Scribe. ISBN 978-1-921215-34-half dozen.
• Koikari, Mire (1999). "Rethinking Gender and Power in the United states of america Occupation of Japan, 1945–1952". Blackwell Publishing.
• Schrijvers, Peter (2002). The GI war confronting Nihon : American soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during Globe State of war II. New York: New York University Press. ISBN 9780814798164.
• Sims, Calvin (June one, 2000). "The New York Times". http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9801E0D7153CF932A35755C0A9669C8B63&scp. .
• Svoboda, Terese. Black Glasses Like Clark Kent: A GIs Hole-and-corner from Postwar Japan . http://blackglasseslikeclarkkent.com/.
• Svoboda, Terese (PDF). Race and American Military Justice: Rape, Murder, and Execution in Occupied Japan. Blackness Glasses like Clark Kent. http://www.blackglasseslikeclarkkent.com/papers/rape-Ottawa-legal.pdf. , "Nihon Focus". http://www.japanfocus.org/-Terese-Svoboda/2737. .
• Svoboda, Terese. "Nihon Focus". http://japanfocus.org/-Terese-Svoboda/3148. .

External links

• "The GI War against Japan: American Soldiers in Asia and the Pacific during World War 2". H-Net . http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=114661059720058. .
• "American Chronicle". Archived from the original on 2012-07-29. http://archive.is/Kc1J. .
• "American Chronicle". Archived from the original on 2012-12-05. http://annal.is/qWu0. .
• "IS Review". http://world wide web.isreview.org/bug/29/japan_occupation.shtml. .
• "The Asia-Pacific Periodical: Japan Focus". http://www.japanfocus.org/-Terese-Svoboda/2737. .

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